We Can No Longer Delay Minimizing Global Warming/Climate Change

Summary: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has issued six Assessment Reports over the past three decades.  This blog has presented three posts recently tabulating the effects of warming and the scientific need for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that the Reports presented.  The posts focus on the unabated increase in man-made carbon dioxide emissions, the consequent increase in global average temperature, and the inexorable increase in sea level.  For each of these topics, from the beginning the Reports have declared the necessity of minimizing GHG emissions in order to avoid the worst harms and damages from continued warming.  Their warnings have become more urgent, and have been expressed with increasingly unambiguous certainty, as the series of Reports has been issued.

Harms and damages that were only hypothetical in the early Reports have now become commonplace, as sea levels have continued rising; droughts, famine and wildfires have ensued; and more intense, violent climate and weather events have unfolded with freakish intensity.  Even so, policymakers and commercial interests in the private realm have largely ignored these warnings throughout the three decades.  Now is the time energetically to combat further warming globally to make up for three decades of inaction, and to mitigate worsening climate change.  We have no alternative.

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Introduction – The Urgent Need to Minimize Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions.  In three recent posts this blog has summarized aspects of the work of climate scientists over the last 30 years.  The first post is titled “What,Again? Greenhouse Gases Accumulate in the Atmosphere”, the second is “What, Again? Global Warming Continues Unabated”, and the third is “What, Again? Sea Level Will Continue Rising for Centuries”.

Each post summarizes the aspect of climate science reflected in its title, as presented by the U. N.’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its series of six Assessment Reports (ARs) issued over the past 31 years up to the (first of three volumes of) the Sixth AR, which appeared in August 2021. Each post included a tabulation of the significant findings, and the suggested future policies, related to the title of the post, as found in each AR.  Significantly, the need to reduce GHG emissions was already expressed in the first AR in 1990 and has been reinforced in each report up to the present time in the Sixth AR.  What has changed is that the strength of the climate science underpinning those conclusions has increased dramatically over time.  The capabilities of gathering data and using more powerful computers to analyze them, and to develop more refined, detailed climate models, have all increased remarkably.

Sadly, the world’s policymakers and industries have not heeded these warnings, but have continued policies and practices leading to unabated, indeed increasing, GHGs emissions throughout these three decades, as shown in the graphic below.

 

 

Direct measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (smoothed over the 12 months of a year) taken atop the Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii beginning in 1958.  The base level prior to the Industrial Revolution is 280 ppm.  Ppm, parts of carbon dioxide in 1 million parts of air. The vertical lines represent the dates of issue of the respective Assessment Reports, and the date of the U. N. Paris Climate Agreement (2015).    Adapted from the carbon dioxide data referenced in the URL at the bottom of the image.

 

In spite of the persistent urgings of the six teams of climate scientists writing the six ARs over three decades, and the agreement reached in Paris among virtually all GHG-emitting nations to begin reducing their emissions, the data in the graphic show no indication of slowing emission rates up to the present time.

Accumulated GHGs are directly responsible for increasing global temperatures.  Many man-made GHGs, including the extra carbon dioxide emitted by burning fossil fuels, are “long-lived” GHGs.  Once emitted into the atmosphere they remain there for hundreds or thousands of years without being destroyed or taken up by the earth system, so that they accumulate to ever higher levels with each passing year.  (A minor fraction of carbon dioxide is absorbed by photosynthesis and by dissolving into oceans and lakes.)  That is why the image above shows that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere keep increasing.  The increase from one year to the next represents the net amount added to the atmosphere during that year.  Indeed, the carbon dioxide level increased from about 353 ppm at the time of the First AR to about 416 ppm at the Sixth AR, the present.

Greenhouse gases are called that because they retain a portion of the sun’s energy reaching the earth as heat energy, instead of having that heat be radiated from earth back into outer space.  This leads the temperature of the earth system to increase. The earth system mimics glass greenhouses in retaining heat.  Their glass enclosure captures outgoing heat energy, so that excess heat accumulates inside the greenhouse.  The interiors of cars in the summer sun heat up for the same reason.  Climate modeling of future warming, summarized in recent ARs, shows that the extent of incremental heating of the earth system depends on excess GHGs in the atmosphere (including excess carbon dioxide from fossil fuels) in almost a straight-line fashion.

It is critical to reduce the net annual GHG emission rate to near zero by midcentury, and optimally sooner.  The IPCC released “Global warming of 1.5°C [2.7°F]. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, V. Masson-Delmotte, and coworkers (eds.)” in 2018.

As emphasized above, the world’s policymakers had ample time to implement GHG reduction technologies in orderly fashion had they heeded climate scientists’ warnings beginning with the First AR.  These urgings have been ignored or rejected in the three decades since, with the result that future weather and climate extremes that scientists warned of at the outset have actually come to pass ferociously in recent years.  In addition, the goal of limiting warming to 2.0°C [3.6°F] above pre-industrial levels, proposed in earlier reports, has been replaced in the Special Report by a more stringent limit, 1.5°C.  Climate action has to be undertaken urgently from this time onward, to make up for the lower revised limit and the time lost in past decades. The IPCC Special Report lays out this case in great detail. 

Conclusion.  Climate scientists have been characterizing the harms and damages they expected from continued unabated burning of fossil fuels, and from other GHG sources, for more than three decades.  Throughout that period policymakers have not acted meaningfully on the scientists’ urgings to reduce use of fossil fuels, nor to reduce other GHG sources.  And now, in recent years those harms and damages are coming to pass around the globe with increasing frequency and severity.

This post presents the urgent, critical case that ambitious, aggressive, effective actions need to be taken starting now to reduce annual GHG emission rates toward zero by midcentury or preferably earlier.  Policymakers can no longer ignore the inexorable action of the physical laws governing global warming.  Industries providing fossil fuels and those using that energy seek to preserve their business models indefinitely.  This is now clearly untenable.  They must change the way they do business or get out of the way.  We all must act internationally, at the national level, at the state and provincial level, and locally; global warming originates across our planet and must be addressed by all nations and citizens of the world in concert. As many have said, “There is no Planet B!”

© 2021 Henry E. Auer

What, Again? Sea Level Will Continue Rising for Centuries

Summary: This series of three posts tabulates important findings from the six Assessment Reports (ARs) that the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has released since 1990.  The first post, “What, Again? Greenhouse Gases Accumulate in the Atmosphere, presents past greenhouse gas (GHG) emission rates and future emission scenarios in the ARs, and presents principles in the ARs to keep accumulated GHG levels to as low a level as possible.

The second post, “What, Again? Global Warming Continues Unabated” summarizes the effects of higher GHGs on past and future projected global temperatures, and reiterates the need conveyed in the ARs to constrain GHG emissions by decarbonizing the energy economy. 

This third post reviews specifically the effects of warming on our water environment: melting ice domains and rising seas, and extremes of precipitation or droughts. The six ARs warn humanity to bring future GHG emissions to near zero; but sea level rise (SLR) is distinguished because melting of ice has passed a threshold of irreversibility: SLR will continue for centuries or longer.

Some may feel this series repeats refrains, looping like broken records; such people may suffer from “climate fatigue”.  Humanity, however, has not responded to the worsening climate documented in the AR series. The critical, dire climate projections summarized in these posts provide powerful incentives finally to take meaningful action at this time.

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The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released the first of the three parts of its Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) in August 2021.  ARs have been issued at intervals of 6-7 years since 1990. They document the history of the annual rate of global emissions of the principal GHGs, arising from human activity, and of the total amount of GHGs accumulated in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution began.  Using climate models and a range of scenarios of GHG emission rates from relaxed to stringent they present projections for each scenario of future climate characteristics and effects to the end of this century.  They also discuss general goals (but not specific actions) for limiting future emission rates.

The results and projections presented in ARs 1-6 are broadly consistent with each other across the AR series, but have greater specificity and stronger assessments of likelihood as the series progresses.  All the ARs have stated the need to limit further accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere in order to minimize the effects of global warming on Earth’s climate.  The faster that emission rates are reduced toward zero, the lower will be the total accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere.  The cartoon below of two cars traveling down the GHG highway captures this message.

Two cars travelled down the GHG Highway.  Each applied brakes at the same point. On the red trip the brakes were applied gently (a metaphor for moderate GHG mitigation measures), so the car travelled far down the highway before stopping, leading to more GHG emissions accumulating in the atmosphere. (Stopping is a metaphor for ceasing to emit any more GHGs.) On the green trip the brakes were applied hard (a metaphor for intensive, aggressive mitigation measures), so the car traveled only a short distance down the highway before stopping, leading to less accumulated GHG emissions.

 

The topics selected for this post, tabulated below in the Details section, are Past Sea Level Rise (SLR) and precipitation (column 2), Projected Sea Level Rise and precipitation (column 3), and Recommended Actions (column 4).  Column 2 in the table documents the greater severity (and the greater detail of the data) of melting of glaciers and ice sheets feeding SLR, as well as extreme precipitation events in the later ARs, across the 30 years that the ARs have been issued. Column 3 details projections for future SLR, which are projected to continue for centuries or millennia regardless of mitigation measures that may be applied in the future.  SLR has two contributions (first mentioned in column 3 of the table for the AR2 entry), the expansion of water of the oceans as its temperature rises, and addition of new water to the oceans as glaciers and ice sheets continue to melt. 

The second factor, melting of ice, has reached the stage of being irreversible because the Earth has warmed sufficiently.  A model for melting glaciers or ice sheets is presented in the graphic below:

The melting point of ice is 0°C.  At or below this temperature an ice cube in your refrigerator is stable, and does not melt.  Even a little above this melting point, say at 1°C, the ice cube begins to melt slowly and forms a small puddle as shown.  At 2°C the model shows even more melting, yielding a smaller ice cube and a larger puddle.  Now suppose the refrigerator cools back down to less than 0°C.  The water in the puddles is not magically restored to the remaining mass of the ice cube, but freezes in place.

 

Extending the above model and its description to nature, the melted water flows away and ultimately drains into the ocean.  The glacier or ice sheet will be restored only if the year-round average temperature is less than 0°C and there is new precipitation as ice or snow.  But enough GHGs have already entered Earth’s atmosphere to warm the air over glaciers and ice sheets, tilting the balance toward net melting, assessed year-round.  This is why climate projections in column 3 of the table below foresee continued SLR for hundreds or thousands of years even if a way is ultimately found to remove accumulated GHGs from the atmosphere. For melting ice sheets and glaciers the “tipping point” has already been reached, and is irreversible on time scales of interest to humans.

The Recommended Actions summarized in column 4 of the table emphasize the need for significant lowering of the rate of emissions of GHGs, coupled with adaptation measures to address aspects of warming that cannot be remedied by mitigation.  This need was presented already in AR1 (1990), saying that immediate 60% reductions in emission rates …would stabilize atmospheric GHGs at the then current level.  In one way or another analogous remedies were presented in the succeeding ARs.  By AR6 (2021) the table’s summary urges substantial emissions reductions over the next few decades to reduce longer term climate risks.  Even so the AR warns with high confidence that warming by 2100 will lead to a high risk of severe, widespread and irreversible impacts, including flooding, droughts and continued SLR.

Whereas the need to reduce emissions was expressed as early as AR1 and extends up to the present in AR6, the strength of climate science underpinning those conclusions has increased dramatically over time.  The capabilities of gathering data and using more powerful computers to analyze them, and to develop more refined, detailed climate models have all increased dramatically.  (Incidentally the Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded October 5, 2021, recognized the development of early climate models.  These have served as the foundation for today’s highly refined models.)

Recent ARs reflect this enhancement in data gathering and climate modeling.  For example  the current first part of AR6 was compiled by 234 climate scientists chosen from the nations of the IPCC.  They reviewed over 14,000 research articles published since AR5.  Drafts of the chapters in AR6 were reviewed by other scientists as well as by national governments and revised accordingly.  We can feel assured that the final text represents scientific and political consensus views.

Conclusion

Column 4, “Recommended Actions” in the table shown in the Details section summarizes the increasing urgency of acting to reduce annual emission rates to near zero as the AR series progresses.

Indeed, actual extreme weather and climate events have become the subjects of frequent current headlines, documenting actual heat waves and droughts, famine, uncontrolled wildfires, intense precipitation events and flooding, and melting of glaciers and ice sheets leading to sea level rise, effects that were only predicted in the early ARs.  Also, by AR6 the science of attribution of extreme climate events has progressed dramatically, and permits ascribing the severity, if not the actual occurrence or not, of events to the effects of human-induced global warming.

Early action such as recommended in earlier ARs could have been taken at moderate levels of effort and expense (“Gentle Braking” in the first graphic above) to avert future, if not yet apparent, climate hazards.  But policymakers around the globe did not seize these opportunities to anywhere near the needed extent.  By 2021 such extreme events are now current, requiring immediate action.  Necessarily these current actions must be far more aggressive, pervasive and costly (“Hard Braking” in the graphic) in order to deal with a warming Earth approaching criticality.  They also require fundamental and comprehensive changes in social and cultural approaches to adapt to the consequences of warming.

Unequivocally we must encourage our political, corporate and civic leaders to embark on bold, comprehensive actions without further delay.

Details

This writer collated the entries in the following table from either the Summary for Policymakers, a “Headline” document or a press release, all issued by the IPCC in conjunction with each AR.  The entries are necessarily selective rather than comprehensive, and have been edited for brevity.

EVALUATIONS OF SEA LEVEL RISE AND PRECIPITATION IN IPCC ASSESSMENT REPORTS

© 2021 Henry Auer